Construction World

Valuation Of Building            Valuation of a building is done by working out its cost of construction of present day rate allowing a suitable depreciation. Before valuation the age of the building should be obtained from record or by visual examination. Present day cost may be determined by the following method:- Cost from Record Cost by detailed measurement Cost by plinth area basis Determination of depreciation 1. Cost from record:- From the record of estimate or from the bill of Quantities. if actual cost of construction is known this may increase or decrease according to percent rise fall in the rates which may be obtained by the P.W.D shedule of rates. 2. Cost by detailed :- If record is not available, the cost of construction may be calculated by preparing bill of quantities of various item of works by detailed measurement at site and taking the rate of each item as prevent in the locate locality or as current P....

Bulking Of Sand The volume of sand increases when the moisture increases in sand (That means increases moisture of sand increases the volume of sand). the reason behind that moisture cause film of water around sand particles which results increases the volume of sand. the 5 to 8 percent of moisture increases 20 to 40 percent volume of sand. if the sand particles are more fine there will be more increases in volume of sand. this is known as bulking of sand. Bulking of sand due to surface tension. when the moisture content of sand is increased by adding more water the sand particles pack near each other and the amount of bulking of sand is decreased.( that means ehwn the sand particles are compacted or void areless then bulking of sand is less.) Bulking Of Sand

Poission's Ratio :-     When a material is stretched in both direction, it tends to compress in the direction perpendicular (middle) to that of force application and vice-versa this phenomenon is given in terms of Poission's Ratio.

Irrigation & Water Resources Definition :- The process of artificial application of water to the soil for the growth of agriculture   crop is termed as Irrigation. Necessity Of Irrigation:- Insufficient Rainfall. Uneven Distribution of Rainfall Perennial crops (Like Sugarcane, Cotton, etc. (Require water almost for full year.))  Development of Agriculture in Desert area.

Paints and Varnish Paints : The paints are coatings of fluid materials and they are applied over the surfaces of timber and metals. Following are the characteristics of an ideal paint: